ArXiv · 2026
Scalars carrying a conserved global charge Q can form stable localized field configurations composed of a large number of particles. These non-topological solitons are spherically symmetric and are called Q-balls. While usually analyzed in three spatial dimensions, these solitons can be straightforwardly generalized to d spatial dimensions. For d=1, we can analytically solve the non-linear differential equation for an important class of single-field potentials; for d>1, we can analytically approximate the solutions in the thin-wall or large Q-ball regime, including the first sub-leading correction consistently. Since the underlying differential equations have the same form as vacuum-decay bounce solutions, our results find applications there, too.
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