The realization of fractional Chern insulator (FCI) states in moiré heterostructures has attracted intense interest in the study of correlated topological states. So far, most experimentally realized FCI states may be interpreted as lattice analogues of Abelian fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states. Realizing non-Abelian FCI states is an important challenge in the field. Patterned dielectric superlattices provide a versatile platform for engineering topological flat bands. Such systems offer substantial structural flexibility and tunability, because their lattice patterns, periods, and other structural parameters can all be designed and fabricated. Here, we provide a gradient-based optimization workflow to design non-Abelian fractional states in patterned bilayer graphene superlattices. The experimentally relevant structural parameters of the superlattice devices are gradient-optimized to favor a flat Chern band with quantum-geometric properties reminiscent of those of the first excited Landau level. Exact diagonalization calculations at 1/2 filling of the optimized Chern band naturally yield non-Abelian FCIs. We apply this workflow to triangular, honeycomb, and kagome patterned superlattices and find robust non-Abelian FCIs over a large region of the parameter space spanned by superlattice constant and vertical potential drop. Our work thus establishes an experimentally feasible framework for exploring non-Abelian FCIs in realistic patterned-superlattice devices.