Low-dimensional van der Waals semiconductors with reduced symmetry provide a unique platform for exploring anisotropic physical properties. The quasi-one-dimensional family MXQ₃ (M = Hf, Zr; X = Sn; Q = S, Se) exhibits notable structural anisotropy, where zigzag atomic chains influence optical phenomena such as birefringence. This study investigates anisotropic lattice dynamics in ZrSnS₃ using angle- and polarization-dependent Raman spectroscopy. Temperature-dependent measurements reveal anharmonic phonon behavior, indicating strong phonon-phonon coupling. Density functional theory calculations show good agreement with the experimentally observed Raman spectra, validating the microscopic description of the lattice dynamics. We also observe a helicity-dependent intensity and a reversal in phonon intensity between lower- and higher-frequency modes under circularly polarized light, which is characteristic of chiral phonons governed by the polarization of the Zr/Sn chains. Our first-principles analysis further shows that angular-momentum-like phonon textures can emerge away from the Γ-point near mode-hybridization and avoided-crossing regions, providing microscopic insight into the observed helicity-dependent Raman signatures. Furthermore, we fabricate an optoelectronic device from a thin ZrSnS₃ nanowire, demonstrating a photoresponsivity of 50 mA/W under 520 nm laser excitation (1 mW/cm²). The device exhibits a pronounced, power-scalable anisotropic photoresponse with a clear preferred polarization direction. These results highlight the coupling mechanisms between polarization, lattice vibrations, and charge carriers in ZrSnS₃, establishing it as a promising material for polarization-sensitive optoelectronics and directional quantum transport.