Concatenation of quantum repeater nodes has been proposed as a means to distribute entanglement efficiently across future long-distance networks. Here, we demonstrate a trapped-ion repeater node that establishes photonic entanglement over a 17 km fiber traversing a city, moving beyond laboratory-only prototypes. The node comprises two atomic ions coupled to an optical cavity. First, a detailed characterization is performed of the long fiber channel and of ion-photon entanglement distributed across it. Next, a repeater-node protocol is implemented, achieving entanglement between a local photon and a remote photon with a Bell-state fidelity of 81.6^(+1.9)_(-1.4)%. These results demonstrate that trapped-ion repeater-node technology can operate over existing city-scale fiber infrastructure and represent a step toward distributed quantum repeater networks.