ArXiv · 2026
Machine-learned force fields (MLFFs) aim to create a unified model that describes all major classes of (bio)molecules at quantum-mechanical accuracy. We present SO3LR Tauri, a family of MLFFs developed toward this goal, coupling a fast SO3krates network to explicit, physics-based interaction modules: pair-specific short-range repulsion, environment-dependent dispersion, and electrostatics, each improved beyond its original formulation. The models are trained on 148 million structures spanning 85 elements, drawn from several quantum-chemical datasets. Against coupled-cluster references, the models accurately reproduce nucleobase-pair and charged protein-ligand interactions, carbohydrate conformer ordering, and molecular dipoles. They also resolve the transition pathways of organic and enzymatic reactions. Dynamical simulations recover experimental densities of water and organic solvents, the hydration structure of mono- and divalent ions, the pKa values of amino-acid side chains, and the structure and dynamics of proteins, membranes, nucleic acids, glycoproteins, and metal-containing biomolecules, all without system-specific fitting. Released in three sizes, the models reach 0.7-3.2 μs/atom and scale to 27-84 million atoms on a single GPU. Much work remains to be done: achieving predictive accuracy for static and dynamic liquid properties, reaction barriers, coverage of chemical and conformational space, and the sampling and inference speed needed to describe biomolecular processes.
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